关于消毒剂是否需要轮换,中美殴及行业协会对此有不同的看法。对于微生物对消毒剂产生耐受性,多年来也存在较大争议。不同法规和协会指南对此的看法具体如下:
中国GMP(2010版)附录一 第九章 消毒
第四十四条 应按照操作规程对洁净区进行必要的清洁和消毒。一般情况下,所采用消毒剂的种类应多于一种。为及时发现是否出现耐受菌株及其蔓延情况,应定期进行环境监测。紫外线杀菌效力有限,不能用以替代化学消毒剂。
EU GMP 附录一
Where disinfectants are used, more than one type should be employed. Monitoring should be undertaken regularly in order to detect the development of reisitant strains.
消毒应采用一种以上的消毒剂。应定期监测以发现耐药菌生长。
FDA 行业指南:无菌加工生产的无菌药品—现行的生产质量管理规范(cGMP)
Routinely used disinfectants should be effective against the normal microbial vegetative flora recovered from the facility. Many common disinfectants are ineffective against spores. For example, 70 percent isopropyl alcohol is ineffective against Bacillus spp. spores. Therefore, a sound disinfectant program also includes a sporicidal agent, used according to a written schedule and when environmental data suggest the presence of sporeforming organisms.
日常使用的消毒剂应当有效针对从厂房设施回收的有活力的常见微生物群落。许多常见的消毒剂对孢子是无效的。比如:70%的异丙醇对芽孢杆菌孢子无效。因此,合理的杀菌程序也包括一个杀孢子剂,根据书面计划和当环境数据指出有形成孢子的微生物存在时使用。
USP <1072>消毒剂和防腐剂
The development of microbial resistance to antibiotics is a well-described phenomenon. The development of microbial resistance is less likely, as disinfectants are more powerful biocidal agents than antibiotics and are
applied in high concentrations against low populations of microorganisms, so the selective pressure for the development of resistance is less profound.
微生物对抗生素产生耐受性的形成是一个很好描述的现象。 但微生物对消毒剂的耐受性却不太可能,因为消毒剂是一种比抗生素杀灭能力更强的一种试剂,并且应使用高浓度来抑制少量通常不能活跃生长的微生物。
PDA TR 70 无菌生产设施的清洁消毒程序原理
For many years there has been a great debate on the subject of the possible development of resistance of microorganisms to sanitizers, disinfectants, and sporicides. Concerns for the possible resistance of organisms to
these products are based on a theoretical relationship to resistance found with antibiotics.
对于微生物可能对清洁剂、消毒剂和杀孢子剂产生耐受性,多年来存在较大争议。担心微生物可能对这些产品产生耐受性是基于其对抗生素出现耐受的理论关系上。
To date, there is no conclusive published test data proving such development of resistance by organisms to these agents. Resistance to antibiotics is usually acquired through modification of a single gene (or acquisition of a single gene) that blocks the very specific action of the antibiotic. The antimicrobial agents typically employed in clean rooms continue to be effective because they have numerous effects on a number of aspects of cellular physiology. This means that multiple mutations would be required in a short period of time (e.g., five-minute contact time) with exposure to low numbers of cells typically found in a clean room to overcome their detrimental effects. As such,
resistance of a cell to agents used in the disinfection process would be highly unlikely given the environmental conditions and low cell numbers.
迄今为止,尚没有已发表的结论性试验资料来证明微生物对这些产品产生耐受。对抗生素的耐受通常是通过对一个单一基因的修饰获得的(或获得一个单一的基因),从而阻断了抗生素的特定作用。洁净室中使用的抗微生物试剂持续有效,因为其对一系列细胞生理活性具有多种作用。这意味着洁净室发现的少量微生物需在较短时间内(如5分钟接触时间)完成多次突变,以克服抗微生物试剂的不利作用。因此,考虑到环境因素和较低的微生物数量,微生物对消毒使用的试剂产生耐受性是极不可能的。
Based on this, the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries have moved away from the rotation of two disinfecting agents. This formerly common practice led to high residue levels and subordinate efficacy performance.
Today, most firms use a system whereby a disinfectant is rotated with a sporicide to more effectively reduce the bioburden levels. The rotation of a disinfectant with a sporicide is superior to the rotation of multiple disinfectants.
If desired, the sole use of a sporicidal product that has proven efficacy can be implemented without a rotation. If used on a routine basis, the sporicide should destroy the level of contamination necessary to assure acceptable
environmental conditions.
因此,药品和生物技术企业已不再恪守两种消毒剂轮换的做法。这种早期普遍接受的做法导致残留水平过高,并且忽视了实际消毒效果。如今多数公司采用一种消毒剂和一种杀孢子剂轮换的系统,以更有效地降低微生物负载。这种轮换要优于多种消毒剂的轮换。必要时,可仅采用已证实有效的一种杀孢子剂,而不进行轮换。如果定期使用,则可破坏污染水平确保达到适当的环境要求。
However, the use of sporicidal agents alone is discouraged due to their inherent corrosive nature.
然而,由于杀孢子剂固有的腐蚀性,并不鼓励只使用杀孢子剂。
All rotation systems should be evaluated via the use of area classification, environmental monitoring data, and/or risk assessment.
所有轮换系统都应依据区域分级、环境监控数据和/或风险评估进行合理评价。
2010年版 GMP疑难问题解答(CFDA高级研修学院)
问题:2010年版GMP中,没有提及“消毒剂轮换”的说法,是否说“消毒剂可以不轮换”?
答:在无菌药品附录第四十三条中有以下规定,“一般情况下,所采用消毒剂的种类应当多于一种。”洁净室中的微生物虽然不至于对消毒剂产生耐受性,但由于消毒剂的消毒效力等级和作用机理不同,轮换使用消毒剂的做法,对洁净室微生物污染控制更为有效,并已经广泛应用于制药业的实践当中。
问题:国内大部分企业在生产车间内使用的手消毒剂都是75%的乙醇,没有别的代替更换的消毒剂,请问长期使用是否会有某些耐受菌的产生,我们应该如何解决?
答:
1、手套消毒使用75%乙醇是一种比较好的方式,因其易于挥发而且残留水平得到公认;
2、由于异丙醇的杀菌效果要比乙醇高,国外也使用异丙醇作为手套消毒剂;
3、乙醇和异丙醇这两种消毒剂,没有必要轮换,选择一种即可;
4、无论在洁净室中使用何种消毒剂,从作用机理上讲都不会产生所谓的耐药菌。比如,醇类本身就不能够杀灭芽孢微生物,这是由其作用机理决定的,因此对仅使用醇类消毒剂的环境而言,如果检出芽孢,则应该考虑设施和人员行为等因素,必要时可以更换髙效的消毒剂。
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